Choropleth Map is a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned proportionally to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map. Examples of this are population density or per-capita income. Typically a color is associated with an attribute value, which is usually quantitative.
Geocoding is the process of transforming a description of a location—such as a pair of coordinates, an address, or a name of a place—to a location on the earth's surface. You can geocode by entering one location description at a time or by providing many of them at once in a table. Source: ESRI
Geographic coordinate system - Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator. A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers or letters, or symbols. Source: Wikipedia
Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. Source: Wikipedia
Layers are the mechanism used to display geographic datasets in ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene. Each layer references a dataset and specifies how that dataset is portrayed using symbols and text labels. When you add a layer to a map, you specify its dataset and set its map symbols and labeling properties. Source: ESRI
Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface. Source: Wikipedia
Temporal data refers to data, where changes over time or temporal aspects play a central role or are of interest. Source: InfoVis
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