Baldwin, R.E. & Martin, P. (1999). Two Waves of Globalisation: Superficial Simularities, Fundamental Differences (NBER Working Paper No. 6904). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w6904
Abstract: This paper looks at the two waves of globalisation (roughly 1820-1914 and 1960-present) focusing on key economic facts (trade investment, migration, and capital flows, Industrialisation/de-industrialisation convergence/divergence) beliefs and policymaking environments. The two waves are superficial similarities but are fundamentally different. Chief similarities include aggregate trade and capital flow ratios, and the importance of reductions in barriers to international transactions. The fundamental difference lies in the impact that these reductions had on trade in goods versus trade in ideas. Initial conditions constitute another important difference. Before the first wave, all the world was poor and agrarian. When the second wave began, it was sharply divided between rich and poor nations.
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Helpman, E. (1999). The structure of foreign trade. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13(2), 121-144. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/structure-foreign-trade/docview/212087113/se-2
Abstract: Helpman describes what is known about foreign trade and in what ways understanding of foreign trade has improved as a result of 20 years of research.
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Feenstra, R. C. (1998). Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the global economy. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(4), 31-50. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/integration-trade-disintegration-production/docview/212085507/se-2Allowing for trade in intermediate inputs, globalization has an impact on employment and wages that are observationally equivalent to the changes induced by technological innovation.
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Irwin, D. A. (1996). The united states in a new global economy? A century's perspective. The American Economic Review, 86(2), 41. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/united-states-new-global-economy-centurys/docview/233019734/se-2
Abstract: To assess the proposition that there is a new global economy, the US involvement in the world economy in the late 20th century is compared with that in the late 19th century. As a survey indicates, the proposition that there is a new global economy is not obvious. While the degree of labor mobility in the late 19th century clearly exceeded that of today, international trade and capital-market integration appears only slightly more extensive over the past decade or so than it was over several decades a century ago. However, broad measures of integration mask what is arguably the much greater depth and diversity of trade and capital-market integration today. It is shown that government policies have broken up what would have been a more continuous process of linking the US with the rest of the world. These interruptions made the postwar period seem more remarkable than it really has been.
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Maddison, A., The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Center, 2001. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264189980-en.pdf?expires=1707431049&id=id&accname=ocid194987&checksum=E21F48DAD682F3D481256FDD5B3B08F4Abstract: Angus Maddison provides a comprehensive view of the growth and levels of world population since the year 1000 when rich countries of today were poorer than Asia and Africa. The gap between the world leader, the US and the poorest region, Africa, is now 20:1. The book has several objectives. The first is a pioneering effort to quantify the economic performance of nations over the very long term. The second is to identify forces which explain the success of the rich countries, and explore the obstacles which hindered advance in regions which lagged behind. The third is to scrutinise the interaction between the rich and the rest to assess the degree to which this relationship was exploitative.
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