Medicine

Guidelines and standards for citing AI are still evolving.  Specific citation styles such as APA, MLA, and Chicago styles have developed guidelines, and publishers provide instructions to authors for allowed use and transparent reporting of AI in submitted manuscripts. 

Recommendations and general rules for using and reporting Artificial Intelligence.

1. Be transparent about your use of AI.  Report what tool you used, for what purpose you used it, and details. This could include:
   • indicating the quoting or paraphrasing of outputs generated by the AI tool or the creation of an image or table
   • reporting the actual prompt given in the AI tool (just like you might be asked to report a search strategy in a library database)
   • stating that you used an AI tool for editing, organizing information, data processing, translating, creating images, etc. 
2. Be sure to follow instructions and restrictions providing by course instructors or journal publishers.
3. It is your responsibility to confirm that the output from the AI tool is accurate.  Confirm the output with other sources like textbooks, scholarly journal articles, or high quality resources from the web (such as .org, .edu, or .gov websites).

What information might you want to save when you use an AI tool?

• the name of the tool, its version, and year of the version (if you can find that info!)
• the date you used the AI tool 
• the actual prompt(s) you used
• the generated response/output of your prompt(s) (some tools make it easy to download or save the full "conversation;" but if not, just copy and paste the text)
• the sources that the AI tool referenced in its output, but do not cite these sources in your work unless you read them 

Remember the primary purpose of citing

• give attribution to the author or creator of the information
• avoid plagerism
• help readers locate the source of the information for further exploration

Here is guidance provided by several major citation styles and publishers:

• APA Style - https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt
• Chicago Manual of Style - https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Documentation/faq0422.html 
• MLA (Modern Language Association) Style - https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/
• AMA (American Medical Association)
  • JAMA editorial "Reporting Use of AI in Research and Scholarly Publication - JAMA Network Guidance" gives guidance about the use and reporting of AI, mainly focused on publication, but can inform your use and citing of AI in your school work. 
  • MD Anderson, Research Medical Library. Citing Your Work: AI Tools: AMA Style Rules. https://mdanderson.libguides.com/cite/ai

Here are examples of how you could structure your citation in-text and on the reference list based on these styles:

Example 1 (APA style)

In text:

When prompted with "What are the common side effects of Erlotinib to treat lung cancer in an adult patient?", Microsoft CoPilot (2023) generated the following six conditions: rash, diarrhea, lost of appetite, weakness, cough, and shortness of breath.

Reference:

Microsoft. Microsoft CoPilot ( March 2023 version) [Large language model].  https://copilot.microsoft.com/

Example 2 (MLA style)

In text:

The common side effects of Erlotinib are: rash, skin changes, nail changes, diarrhea, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, cough, trouble breathing, and weakness. ("What are the common side effects").

Reference:

"What are the common side effects of Erlotinib to treat lung cancer in an adult patient?" prompt. Perplexity, freemium version, Perplexity AI Inc., 2022. https://www.perplexity.ai/

Example 3 (American Medical Association)

Or, you can just use the AI tool as the conduit for finding the information, then go to the sources that are cited in the output, read those sources, and cite them. Describe in your work how you used the AI tool in your learning or research process.  

In text:

When researching adult lung cancer on July 20, 2024, the AI tool Elicit (2022 model, Ought) was prompted with the question "What is the typical life expectancy of an adult lung cancer patient who is being treated with Erlotinib?" Studies ^{1, 2, 3} provided in the AI-generated output reported a median survival time of 6.7 months, 8.4 months, and 10.9 months. These studies' participants were a median age, respectively, of . . . . [and so on].  Additionally, a review article ⁴ analyzed the results of studies that looked at Erlotinib's effect on the primary outcome of survival for advanced, recurrent, and relapsed non-small cell lung cancer.  The authors concluded that . . . 

References:

1. Shepherd FA, Rodrigues Pereira J, Diuleanu T, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(2):123-132. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050753

2. Pérez-Soler R, Chachoua A, Hammond LA, et al. Determinants of tumor response and survival with erlotinib in patients with non--small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(16):3238-47. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.11.057

3. Jackman DM, Yeap BY, Lindeman NI, et al.. Phase II clinical trial of chemotherapy-naive patients > or = 70 years of age treated with erlotinib for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(7):760-6. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.07.5754

4. Feld R, Sridhar SS, Shepherd FA, Mackay JA, Evans WK; Lung Cancer Disease Site Group of Cancer Care Ontario's Program in Evidence-based Care. Use of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review. J Thorac Oncol. 2006 M;1(4):367-76.